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Brunei: 261,902 Minorities |region1 = Indonesia |pop1 = 5,365,399 |ref1 = |region2 = Thailand |pop2 = 1,964,384 |ref2 = |region3 = Singapore |pop3 = 653,449 |ref3 = |languages = Official: Dialects: Others: |religions = 10px Sunni Islam }} Malays ((マレー語:Melayu), Jawi: ملايو) are an ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, eastern Sumatra and coastal Borneo, as well as the smaller islands which lie between these locations — areas that are collectively known as the Malay world. These locations today are part of the modern nations of Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei and southern Thailand. There is considerable genetic, linguistic, cultural, and social diversity among the many Malay subgroups, mainly due to hundreds of years of immigration and assimilation of various regional ethnicity and tribes within Maritime Southeast Asia. Historically, the Malay population is descended primarily from the earlier Malayic-speaking tribes that settled in the region, who founded several ancient maritime trading states and kingdoms, notably Brunei, Kedah Kingdom, Langkasuka, Gangga Negara, Chi Tu, Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom, Melayu Kingdom and Srivijaya, and the later Cham and Austronesian settlers. The advent of the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century triggered a major revolution in Malay history, the significance of which lies in its far-reaching political and cultural legacy. Common definitive markers of a Malayness - the religion of Islam, the Malay language and traditions - are thought to have been promulgated during this era, resulting in the ethnogenesis of the Malay as a major ethnoreligious group in the region. In literature, architecture, culinary traditions, traditional dress, performing arts, martial arts, and royal court traditions, Malacca set a standard that later Malay sultanates emulated. The golden age of the Malay sultanates in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo saw many of their inhabitants, particularly from various tribal communities like the Batak, Dayak, Orang Asli and the Orang laut become subject to Islamisation and Malayisation. Today, some Malays have recent forbears from other parts of Maritime Southeast Asia, termed as ''anak dagang'' ("traders") and who predominantly consist of Javanese people, Bugis, Minangkabau people and Acehnese peoples, while some are also descended from more recent immigrants from other countries. Throughout their history, the Malays have been known as a coastal-trading community with fluid cultural characteristics. They absorbed numerous cultural features of other local ethnic groups, such as those of Minang, Acehnese, and to some degree Javanese culture; however Malay culture differs by being more overtly Islamic than the multi-religious Javanese culture. Ethnic Malays are also the major source of the ethnocultural development of the related Betawi, Banjar, Cape Malay, Peranakan and Sri Lankan Malay cultures, as well as the development of Malay trade and creole languages like Ambonese Malay, Baba Malay, the Betawi language and Manado Malay. ==Etymology== The epic literature, the ''Malay Annals'', associates the etymological origin of "Melayu" to ''Sungai Melayu'' ('Melayu river') in Sumatra. The term is thought to derived from the Malay word ''melaju'', a combination of the verbal prefix 'me' and the root word 'laju', meaning "to accelerate", used to describe the accelerating strong current of the river. The word "Melayu" as an ethnonym, to allude to a clearly different ethnological cluster, is assumed to have been made fashionable throughout the integration of the Malacca Sultanate as a regional power in the 15th century. It was applied to report the social partialities of the Malaccans as opposed to foreigners as of the similar area, especially the Javanese and Thais This is evidenced from the early 16th century Malay word-list by Antonio Pigafetta who joined the Magellan's circumnavigation, that made a reference to how the phrase ''chiara Malaiu'' ('Malay ways') was used in the maritime Southeast Asia, to refer to the ''al parlare de Malaea'' (Italian for “to speak of Malacca”). The English term “Malay” was adopted via the Dutch word Malayo, itself derived from (ポルトガル語:Malaio), which originates from the original Malay word, Melayu. Prior to the 15th century, the term “Melayu" and its similar sounding variants appear to apply as an old toponym to the Strait of Malacca region in general. * ''Malaya Dwipa'', "Malaya Dvipa", is described in chapter 48, Vayu Purana as one of the provinces in the eastern sea that was full of gold and silver. Some scholars equate the term with Sumatra, but several Indian scholars believe the term should refer to the mountainous Malay peninsula, while Sumatra is more correctly associated with Suvarnadvipa. * ''Maleu-kolon'' - appeared in Ptolemy's work, Geographia. * ''Mo-lo-yu'' - mentioned by Yijing, a Tang dynasty Chinese Buddhist monk who visited the Southeast Asia between 688–695. According to Yijing, the ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' kingdom was located in a distance of 15 day sail from Bogha (Palembang), the capital of Sribhoga (Srivijaya). It took a 15-day sail as well to reach Ka-Cha (Kedah) from Mo-lo-yu; therefore, it can be reasoned that Mo-Lo-Yu would lie halfway between the two places. A popular theory relates ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' with the Jambi in Sumatra, however the geographical location of Jambi contradicts with Yi Jing's description of a "half way sail between ''Ka-Cha'' (Kedah) and ''Bogha'' (Palembang)". In the later Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) and Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), the word ''Ma-La-Yu'' was mentioned often in Chinese historical texts - with changes in spelling due to the time span between the dynasties - to refer to a nation near the southern sea. Among the terms used was "Bok-la-yu", "Mok-la-yu" (木剌由), Ma-li-yu-er (麻里予兒), Oo-lai-yu (巫来由) - traced from the written source of monk Xuanzang), and Wu-lai-yu (無来由). * ''Malayur'' - inscribed on the south wall of the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Tamil Nadu. It was described as a kingdom that had "a strong mountain for its rampart" in Malay peninsula, that fell to the Chola invaders during Rajendra Chola I's campaign in the 11th century. * ''Bhūmi Mālayu'' - (literally "Land of Malayu"), a transcription from Padang Roco Inscription dated 1286 CE by Slamet Muljana. The term is associated with Dharmasraya kingdom. * ''Ma-li-yu-er'' - mentioned in the chronicle of Yuan Dynasty, referring to a nation of Malay peninsula that faced the southward expansion of Sukhothai Kingdom, during the reign of Ram Khamhaeng. The chronicle stated: "''..Animosity occurred between Siam and Ma-li-yu-er with both killing each other...''". In response to the Sukhothai's action, a Chinese envoy went to the Ram Khamhaeng's court in 1295 bearing an imperial decree: "Keep your promise and do no evil to Ma-li-yu-er". * ''Malauir'' - mentioned in Marco Polo's account as a kingdom located in the Malay peninsula, possibly similar to the one mentioned in Yuan chronicle. * ''Malayapura'' - (literally "city of Malaya" or "fortress of Malaya"), inscribed on the Amoghapasa inscription dated 1347 CE. The term was used by Adityawarman to refer to Dharmasraya.The word ''Malay'' refer to Mountain and Pura refer to Country in Tamil Language. Other the Javanese word ''mlayu'' (to run) derived from ''mlaku'' (to walk or to travel), or the Malay term ''melaju'' (to steadily accelerate), to refer the high mobility and migratory nature of its people, however these suggestions remain as popular beliefs without corroborating evidence. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ethnic Malays」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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